The Great American Illusion :: Free Essay Writer

The Great the Statesn IllusionThe Great Gatsby, written by Scott F. Fitzgerald in the 1920s is the epitome of the Jazz Age, a phrase coined by the author himself. In the novel, Fitzgerald uses many literary elements to accurately portray the time period in which he lived including setting, characters, diction, and many symbols, which form the majority of the analytical portion of the story. In fact, many of the characters in the book double as a symbol, in order to alter a particular motif or theme within the novel. The most apparent, recurring and powerful theme in the book is the corruption of the American intake during the Jazz Age. Even though many scholars believe that Fitzgerald is promoting the Dream, he is actually condemning it and what it stands for. This theme is used in conjunction with the motif of appearance versus globe to criticize further the single green light, minute and far away (25) that many Americans have strived for financial success, fame, power and glory. Fitzgerald masterfully uses the character Gatsby to show the fondness that is the American Dream that, in reality, is an extremely corrupt and greedy practice during the extravagant and flagrant era of the 1920s. Primarily, Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to show the corruption and the greed that consumes and destroys the followers of the Dream. When Gatsby realizes that he is not able to be with Daisy in his youth because of his kind class, he decides to pave his own way by climbing to her social class. Formerly throng Gatz, he invents the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end (95), beginning his search for a higher social class. Gatsby is willing to give up the institution of family and his heritage in order to gain monetary wealth like many of the immigrants coming over to America to make a living. This vice of Gatsbys assist the readers negative view towards the main character and further criticizes the idea of the American Dream, because of the priority of money over family values. After his departure from Cody, Gatsby earns his money from obviously crooked proceedings. Even with his crimes not being known, it can be assumed that he is a villain and breaks existing laws. This can be seen when his party guests speculate over whether he killed a man or if he was a German denounce in the war (47).

Love in The Old Maid by Sara Teasdale :: essays research papers

The poem The Old Maid, by Sara Teasdale, takes place on a paving material on Broadway. The loud loudspeaker in the poem is a woman walking with who you can infer to be her fiance and she is describing a brief encounter she had with some other woman in the car driving by her. The speaker describes the woman as The woman I might grow to be, She then notices how her hair intensity was as mine and how Her eyes were strangely like my eyes. However, despite all these similarities the womans hair compared to the speakers was dull and move no light. Her eyes also did not shine like the speakers. The speaker assumed that the reason for the womans frail appearing was because she had never had the opportunity to know what it was like to be in love. In the last stanza, the speaker no longer looks upon the anile maid but to her rooter and knows that even though they may look similar she will never be like her.In order to completely grasp exactly how the old maid appears to the woman on th e sidewalk and the love she feels for the man walking with her, Sara Teasdale uses avatar to describe the characters in the poem. One would be, Her soul was frozen in the isolated/ Unwarmed forever by loves flame. Obviously, a persons soul cannot be frozen, but the meaning is that the old maid had never felt a heated intensity between herself and someone special to her which could give her a cold outlook on life. Another time the poet uses personification is when the speaker states, His eyes were magic to defy. Eyes cannot be magic. By saying that his eyes were magic the reader can get the notion that when the speaker looks into the eyes of her lover she feels awed, happy, or even entranced. Sara Teasdale also uses a metaphor in her work, Her body was a thing growing thin, In that variant the speaker is comparing the old maids draining body to something that can get thinner. The poet uses a rhyme scheme of rhyming the second with the fourth line and there are four lines in every stanza. Finally, in this narrative poem there are eight syllables per line of the poem.

Michael Jackson :: essays research papers

Praising the King of Pop Michael JacksonIntroduction           Perhaps no one has received this title in record the king of crop up, now a days many artists have arisen and have performed but not as the king of pop known worldwide and in history, has dominated the world of pop as Michael Jackson.Born on terrible 29, 1958 to a strict working class family in Gary, Indiana. Michael Jackson has gone through personal scandal, family squabbles and numerous career quakes but Michael Joseph Jackson re of imports one of the planets best known figures. Jackson has spent about his entire life as a public performer. He was the founder member of the Jackson Five at the age of four, soon becoming their study vocalist and frontman. This implies Jackson has started his career at a very early age to gradually become one good public personality and famous. For this and for other reasons, he deserves praise and to be praised.Narrative Michael Jackson was b orn and grew up in a strict working family in Gary, Indiana, USA on August 29, 1958. Jackson showed an early interest in music as did most of his family. His mother sang frequently, his father Joseph Jackson played guitar in a small-time R&B band, his older brothers often sang and played with their fathers guitar. Soon the family singing group started, with Michael as the main fauna and four of his older brothers. After all it seemed to be the simplest way to earn money to feed so many kids said Joseph Jackson. If you cant feed your kids instill them how to feed themselves. Anyway Michael soon outgrew his brothers with his unique talent not just for singing but for dancing as well. Jacksons father, who is a positive supposedly abusive father. "My father beat me. It was difficult to take being beaten and then going onstage. "He was strict very hard and stern." Says Michael Jackson.He pushed his sons including Michael into forming a group called the Jackson five. The ir group quickly arose from playing local talent shows to landing a contract with the renowned Motown label at the closing curtain of 1968. During the early 70s the group became well-known, with "baby", Michael as the lead singer of the group. This talent dragged on for decades and gradually getting better and better, Michael taking the lead and as the main source of income for the family for proving and presenting his talent to many music labels and organizations throughout the years.

Is He or isnt She - Original Writing :: Papers

Is He or isnt She - Original Writing I reach my destination, not really convinced how I should feel, or what I should anticipate A mid terraced house, unsure of the area, but seems calm. A cold October evening, 5 pm and already the streets are dimly lit, a clear sky above, evidently displaying the gross stars that gleam beyond. I approach the house to a very inviting welcome, are they really friendly people or do they not get umpteen visitors? I make my way to the lounge and take a seat, a small table in the corner draped in a intertwine cloth, a bookshelf that covers one entire wall and bursting to the brim with books. Im immediately tallyered refreshments before given the chance to proceed with the interview, A cup of tea would be great, thank. Where do I start? A very complicated person, whose life is full of twists and turns. Kris, 5ft 8in tall, medium built with shoulder length pilus, the kind of hair I would describe a 60s rock star to have, like Mick Jaggers, the rough and ready look. Born in London, but you wouldnt know by her accent, she has more of a neutral tone. She grew up with the feeling of not belonging It all started when schooling began, nursery then infants. She just didnt fit in and her parents didnt know what to do. Send her off to boarding school, thatll change things. I sit there, listening to every word that is spoken to me. Shes obviously very wounded and distraught by the whole circumstances, as her parents were going through a divorce at this time, but did her mother really feel that this would be the best option, or was it that she didnt know what else to do, maybe she require to escape? She sits opposite me, fidgeting, almost non-stop, legs crossed to one side and then instantaneously switching over to the other, arms folded, and the only time they unfolded is to remove the hair in her eyes, or to twiddle uncontrollably with her fingers.

Banning Cigarettes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Each year, the U.S. government passes numerous laws to protect its citizens. Yet, one perfectly legal product manages to seize over 400,000 American lives per annum (American Lung Association, "American"). Despite the efforts of the U.S. government to protect its citizens, the government continues to ignore the single most preventable cause of premature deaths. The vicious culprit attributed to these deaths is the common cig artte. Death, however, is non the only transgression cigarettes are responsible for. Cigarettes pose a clear threat to the public, to the economy, and to the planet. Without a doubt, the government should ban cigarettes on account of the fact that they are harmful to the economy, to the body, and to the environment.The government should ban cigarettes because they hurt the economy. Essentially, cigarettes rob the economy of wealth. One area where cigarette smoking is costly is health care. Smokers often seek medical checkup care because of the negati ve effects cigarettes have on the human body. As a result, the government spends a large amount of money treating medical illnesses that are, numerous times, preventable. In fact, "smoking costs the United States approximately $97.2 billion each year in health-care costs and lost productivity" (American Lung Association, "American"). Also, citizens must fund health care costs through tax dollars. A wiser and more productive utilization of tax dollars would be funding for schools. Despite...

Banning Cigarettes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Each year, the U.S. brass passes numerous laws to protect its citizens. Yet, one dead legal product manages to seize over 400,000 American lives annually (American Lung Association, "American"). Despite the efforts of the U.S. government to protect its citizens, the government continues to ignore the single most preventable cause of premature deaths. The vicious culprit attributed to these deaths is the common rear. Death, however, is not the only transgression cigarettes are responsible for. Cigarettes pose a clear threat to the public, to the economy, and to the planet. Without a doubt, the government should ban cigarettes on account of the fact that they are harmful to the economy, to the body, and to the environment.The government should ban cigarettes because they hurt the economy. Essentially, cigarettes rob the economy of wealth. One area where cigarette smoking is costly is health care. Smokers often seek medical care because of the negative effects cigarettes hav e on the human body. As a result, the government spends a large amount of money treating medical illnesses that are, many times, preventable. In fact, "smoking be the United States approximately $97.2 billion each year in health-care costs and lost productivity" (American Lung Association, "American"). Also, citizens must fund health care costs through valuate dollars. A wiser and more productive utilization of tax dollars would be funding for schools. Despite...

Copper Metal

grunter is an element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Copper is classified in periodic mesa Its element category is transition metal Its group is 11 Its period is 4 Its atomic weight is 63. 546. Copper metal and alloys have been used for thousands of years. bodily properties- Copper has a characteristic reddish brown disguise. Its density is 8. 93 g cm. Its melting point is 1083C. It is highly malleable and ductile at quotidian temperature. It is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. It is the best conductor among all the metals.Chemical properties- Copper does not react with water, but it reacts with oxygen slowly forming the brown-black cop oxide. Occurrence- Copper can be found as native slovenly person and a part of minerals. Native copper is a polycrystal. There be many kinds of copper-containing minerals chalcopyrite and chalcocite ar copper sulfides, azurite and malachite are copper carbonates and cuprite is a copper oxide. Recycling- Copper can be re cycled with step forward lose of quality. Copper are worlds mostly recycled. Uses of copper-Copper is mostly used as a metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to find an al alloy such as brass and bronze. Copper is used in refrigerators and air conditioning systems. Computer heat sinks are made out of copper because it is able to absorb a high amount of heat. Magnetrons, found in microwave ovens, contain copper. As a good conductor of electricity, copper is used in Copper wire, electromagnets and electrical relays and switches. Copper is a great water-proof roofing material.It has been used for this purpose since ancient times. Some structures, such as the Statue of Liberty, are made with copper. Copper is sometimes combined with nickel to make a corrosion resistant material that is used in shipbuilding. Copper is used in lightning rods. These attract lightning and cause the electrical current to be dispersed rather than striking, and possib ly destroying, a more important structure. Copper is often used to color glass. It is also one component of ceramic glaze. Many musical instruments, are made out of copper.

Science Processes

Module 1 Science Processes Scientific ProcessDefinitionScience Activity ObservingThe process of gathering information using all appropriate senses instruments that extend the senses. accumulation data on classmates, students walk around the classroom and make observations intimately eye and hair color of t successor classmates. ClassifyingGrouping objects or organisms according to one or more than common properties. Classifying plants by features of plant life. CommunicatingRecord observations in multiple meanss and present them to others.Students layabout record the data found in their observation activity and advertise the eye and hair colors they observed in the classroom. MeasuringMeasure variables using a variety of instruments and standard and nonstandard units. Give students various measuring tools and ask them to ginmill various things in the classroom. PredictingMake a projection of what the outcome of an investigation will be using data and patterns. Prediction works heet look at the pictures on the left over(p) side, draw a picture and economise about what you predict will happen next.InferringDescribing a potential conclusion based on observation and prior knowledge. Science Mystery Bags Students are asked to use sense of smell, hearing, and touch to infer what is in each mystery bag. Identifying & Controlling VariablesRecognizing a systems variables and manipulating the variables to hold back the systems outcome. Bread Mold Activity Students will identify and control the variables that cause bread mold. Formulating & Testing Hypotheses Make a statement to travel by and investigation.Test that statement for its truth. Formulate hypotheses for what conditions cause the bread to mold, and then test the hypotheses to see if they are correct. Interpreting DataRecognize patterns and associations within a system of data. Using scientific graphs to parcel out data, as well as understand data represented in graph form. Defining OperationallyCre ating a definition by describing an interaction or observation. How lav you tell if plants are healthy? Students will define plant health in effective terms. ExperimentingScientific procedure used to test a hypothesis, make a discovery, or determine something. Students can take part in an experiment to see if they can balance eggs using salt. Constructing ModelsBuilding models to represent a mental, verbal, or physical idea or object. Students could participate in a physical cognition project where they are asked to make a water reservoir. In the graph above defining the twelve scientific processes, I included definitions of each as well as a science activity that students could participate in to support each process.These processes support inquiry teaching, because they provide students with the opportunity to use problem solving skills, critical thinking skills, and logical thinking skills all at once. Students are encouraged to apply their prior knowledge to their new problem, experiment, or questions, which incorporates what they are currently learning with earlier experiences. Inquiry learning in science gives students control of their investigation and enhances their interest in the subject. Inquiry learning involves all learning strategies, including but not limited to verbal, written, and hands-on activities.When students are actively assiduous in the learning process they are more likely to stay attentive, which allows them to not only gain information, but also helps in retaining that knowledge and understanding. The teachers attitude toward science has a major impact on students and how they view science. In order for teachers to get students interested and involved, they must arrive at a positive and inspiring outlook on the subject. When students see and feel that their teacher is excited about a subject and that he or she wants to share their experience, students are more likely to fully engage in learning.Teachers should share their knowled ge by motivating students to want to learn science, and getting them excited about learning by introducing science through observation activities and experiments. Students need to see that their teacher is enthusiastic about science, and that science is a learning process that can be fun and enjoyable for the entire class Lesson Plan Objectives Students will work in groups to build catapults out of everyday objects (Constructing Models) and Demonstrate their understanding of motion and forces by using the catapults to launch objects. Communicating) Materials Motion, Forces, Energy, and Electric Current video and VCR or DVD and DVD player Pictures of catapults Computer with Internet access (optional) Cardboard garment box (1 for each catapult) Rubber bands (4 for each catapult) Popsicle sticks (2 for each catapult) Masking tape (one 6-inch piece for each catapult) Plastic spoon (1 for each catapult) Rulers (1 per student group) scissors hold (1 per student group) Marshmallows (2 pe r group) Masking tape (for launching competition) Object of your choice to serve as a target Procedures . Begin the lesson by discussing motion and energy. Ask students How do objects move? How do we calculate motion? What is acceleration? What is speed? What are some of the forces that act upon objects in motion? (Observing, Predicting, and Defining Operationally). A good way to introduce this information is to view portions of the Motion, Forces, Energy, and Electric Current video. 2. Tell students they are going to work in groups to create catapults out of everyday objects. Explain that catapults were ofttimes used as weapons of war during the Middle Ages.Show students some pictures of catapults and discuss how they work, making sure that students understand catapult designs and uses. (Classifying). A good animated illustration of a catapult can be found at http//en. bestpicturesof. com/pictures%20of%20how%20to%20make%20a%20catapult 3. Tell students that after building their cata pults, they will compete to see whose catapult can fling a marshmallow the farthest and whose catapult can fling an object closest to a target. (Experiment). 4. Divide students into groups of five, and give each group the supplies they will need to make heir catapults (see materials list) as well as any other objects you wish to provide. Tell the groups that they can design their catapults however they please, but they can use only the materials you have provided-nothing extra. Give students time to design and build their catapults, and ask them to name their team. (Constructing Models, Identifying and Controlling Variables). 5. at once students have completed their catapults, clear an area in the classroom that can be used for the launching competition. Using masking tape, mark a starting line.Place the target object about 10 feet in front of the line. 6. single at a time, have the student teams shopping mall their catapults on the line and fling a marshmallow at the target-thei r goal is to hit the target. Mark where each teams marshmallow land with a piece of masking tape that has been labeled with the teams name. 7. As a class, determine which team was the most successful in accurately hitting (or approach shot the closest to hitting) the target with its marshmallow. Talk about the design of the winning catapults. Why did this design work the best? Formulating and Testing hypotheses, Interpreting Data, Measuring, Communicating). 8. Have students again place their catapults on the starting line and fire a second marshmallow their goal, this time, is to achieve the greatest distance. Again, mark where each marshmallow lands with a piece of labeled masking tape. Once all the catapults have been fired have students measure the distance from the starting line to where their marshmallow landed. (Measuring). 9. As a class, determine which catapult was able to launch a marshmallow the greatest distance.Ask students Why did this catapult work best? What element (s) of its design do you think helped propel the marshmallow farther than the others? (Interpreting Data, Defining Operationally). 10. Have each student write a split that answers the following questions. What was your group attempting to achieve with its catapult design? How did the catapult set the marshmallow in motion? Which challenge did your catapult meet best, accuracy or distance? What could you have done to make the catapult better? What helped the catapult work as well as it did? What did this activity teach you about motion and forces? 11. Ask for volunteers to share their answers with the class. Discuss students answers and the forces that work on objects in motion. Evaluation Use the following three-point rubric to evaluate students work during this lesson. Three points Students actively participated in class discussions worked cooperatively in their teams successfully created a team catapult actively participated in the catapult launch wrote a thoughtful paragraph th at answered all six questions. Two points Students somewhat participated in class discussions worked somewhat cooperatively in their teams needed help to complete their catapult did not actively participate in the catapult launch wrote an incomplete paragraph that answered only three or four of the six questions. One point Students somewhat participated in class discussions were unable to use catapult materials without teacher guidance created unfinished catapults did not actively participate in the catapult launch wrote an incomplete paragraph that answered only one or two of the questions.Credits Tamar Burris, former elementary teacher and freelance education writer References Bass, Joel E. , Contant, Terry L. , & Carin, Arthur A. (2009). Teaching Science as Inquiry, eleventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Boston, MA. Burris, Tamar. (2012). Discovery Education. Lesson Plan Library Motion, Forces, Energy, & Electricity. Retrieved on September 28, 2012, from http//www. discoveryed ucation. com/ teachers/free-lesson-plans/motion-forces-energy-and-electricity. cfm.

Web Du Bois and Double Consciousness

W. E. B. Du Bois Double-Consciousness Ashanti Johnson SOC101 Lestine Shedrick October 18, 2011 W. E. B. Du Bois (1968-1963) was a huge contributor to sociology through the eyes and experience of an Afro-American scholar (Vissing, 2011). Du Bois was an author, activist and student of portentous sociology. In his 1897 article, Strivings of the Negro People, Du Bois introduced the term double-consciousness, a concept I believe to be just as relevant in todays African-American communities. Double consciousness refers to what Du Bois considered an absence of true self-importance consciousness (Du Bois, 1897) amongst Africans in America.In place of that absence, lies a dual awareness- awareness of ones self combined with an awareness of how others perceive you. Is cosmos an American a contradiction to Black identity, even in contemporary society? In his 1903 book, The Souls of Black kin group, Du /bois gives an analysis of African-Americans and double-consciousness, that Black people a re caught between separate self conceptions, as an American and as an African. The negro ever feels his twain-ness, an American, a negro, two souls, two warring ideals and one dark body whose dogged strength keeps it from being torn asunder (Du Bois, 1903).Du Bois broke his concept of double-consciousness down into three manifestations First, the power of pureness stereotypes on Black life and thought. Second, racism and the exclusion of Black Americans from mainstream American society. Lastly, Du Bois points out the internal conflict between being of African descent and being an American. What is the power and influence of White stereotypes on the everyday loves of African-Americans today, in the 21st century? We live in a society that, umpteen could argue, is saturated with Black grow. Commercial television, film and radio are largely influenced by African-American language, imagery and music.Examples of what used to be considered African-American youth vernacular, have seepe d into mainstream culture. Words and phrases such(prenominal) as bling and you go boy are not Black slang, but American slang. The continued commercial inclusion of African-American images, language and music, does not appropriate double-consciousness- it may, in fact, magnify it. The stereotypes and images of Black people in America have evolved since Du Bois coined his term in 1897, but even the ever-changing understanding of Black culture leaves more or less African-Americans trapped in a conflict of who they are versus who they are believed to be in the eyes of America.On one hand, Africans are credited with inventing many genres of sound, dance, art and athletic styles. Although there are many groundbreaking contributions in math, medicine and science, Africans are not popular for these attributes. Because of this, many African-American parents keep their children from concentrating on such areas of strength as dance, music or sports in order to keep them away from a stereoty pical field of study. Double-consciousness will have a talented athlete fore-go a sports career so that they are not considered just another ball player.When we think of Black Americans being excluded from mainstream American society, we consider the generations leading to the civil rights movement. Today, our President is an African-American, so surely this issue is no longer relevant. Racism cannot flourish in contemporary America, right? tally to Merriam Websters Dictionary, racism is a belief that some races are by nature superior to others and the discrimination based on such beliefs (Webster, 2011).We now live in an anti-racism society. It is frowned upon to act or react in any way that could be construed as racist. Our society has laws in place which make racist actions in the workplace, school or even in public- illegal. The conflict of double-consciousness still exists in this modern, anti-racist America. Perhaps even more frustrating for todays African-American, is living with the candor of racial tension in a society refusing to admit that such tension still exists.Du Bois spoke of internal conflict as being the most significant manifestation of double-consciousness. There is an inner conflict between being of both American and African lineage. African-Americans are a special group of immigrants who did not choose America as their new home. It was slavery that brought the African to America for generations of forced labor. The knowledge that most of the African culture, language, history and experience, was lost to American Africans aft(prenominal) the slave trade, helps fuel the inner conflict.Where should the African-American feel his strongest connection? Africa? America? In conclusion, double-consciousness impacts the African-American today just as it did in the early 1900s. W. E. B. Du Bois describe his concept as a world which yields no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world (Du Bois , 1903). Todays politically correct society tends to use the word color blind, intended to show an acceptance for all people, regardless of race or color.Today, the double-conscious African-American must continue the search for his conscious identity in a society which has gone from color-racist to color-blind in a matter of a fewer decades. References Du Bois, W. E. B. (1897, August). Strivings of the negro people. The Atlantic, Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk. Chicago McClurg and Company. racism. 2011. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/racism Vissing, Y. (2011). An introduction to sociology. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education

Film Theory Outline Essay

From the very beginning of film, theorists have tried to dissect or generalize the nature of the new medium of art. As a result various theories of film have emerged, such as feminist, auteur, psychoanalytical, Marxist, Editing and Structuralist. This essay attempts to give an abbreviation of these various theories. One of the first theories to emerge is Editing theory, coming from the context of early Russian cinema. A key event in this regard is the investigate carried tabu by the film- reconciler Lev Kuleshov in 1918, in which he demonstrated that what the smasher perceives depends on how images are juxtaposed with each other through inter-cutting.See much essay apa directatThus, when a human close-up is juxtaposed with a bowl of soup, the perception is of hunger, but when juxtaposed with a shot of a coffin the afore express(prenominal) close-up is perceived to express grief. Kuleshov concluded that juxtaposition was crucial towards the effect, and thus advocated the use c ollage in film-making. Other film-makers like Sergei Eisenstein playacted close attention to these findings, and do use of them in his masterpieces of collage, such as Battleship Potemkin and October. He overly spelled out a comprehensive film theory based on edit in a highly influential essay from the late twenties.In it he outlined he various categories of editing, such as metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal, and intellectual. For example, with intellectual montage a scene may be inter-cut with something immediately unrelated, but which nevertheless works as metaphor is a more pro anchor finger. The above came to personify soviet montage theory, which was in contrast to the Hollywood system of continuity editing. Montage is a very visible component of film, whereas continuity editing aims to make inter-cutting invisible, so that the viewer may concentrate on the flow of the narrative in an easy way.Since the fifties a parallel theory of editing has emerged in the West which e mbodies the Hollywood ethos. In the same essay Eisenstein proposed a Hegelian interpretation of film montage, and which came to form the basis of Marxist film theory. He suggested that montage worked by the principle of the Hegelian dialectic, where thesis is said to beget antithesis, and are resolved in the end through synthesis. For example, when human close up is inter-cut with a glass of water, the viewer interprets this as thirst. If the face is the subject, then its antithesis is the object of vision, i.e. the glass of water. Thirst is merely the synthesis of the two. It is present in n all of the two shots in consideration, yet emerges form the inter-cutting of the two. Of course, it was through the Hegelian dialectic that Marx had derived his famous concept of the proletariat revolution, and Marxism was the avowed principle of the Bolshevists. in that respectfore, it is not surprising that Eisensteins theories found a favorable audience in the Soviet Union. Indeed, it was i nstrumental in forming of Socialist realism, which became the state sponsored ideology in art.Marxist film theory soon found itself as defined in opposition to capitalistic and middle class art, in which the narrative of the protagonist finds prominence. Eisensteins films attempt to obliterate the presence of the protagonist, concentrating instead on the clash of images towards creating a larger ideological narrative. Even then he was accused by the authorities for not championing the workers, and for indulging in the internal chemical mechanism of film, which was deemed to be a kind of formalism. Marxist theory held that the purpose of art is to overcome all forms towards dialectical purification.Formalism was felt to be a bourgeoisie component. Marxist theory, as it has flourished both in the East and the West, concerns itself with dissecting films in separate discredit bourgeoisie forms, usually those emerging from the Hollywood system. A native westerly theory of film was lat e in developing, and a crucial starting point was the theories developed by Andre Bazin, as editor of the French film cartridge clip Cahiers du cinema. Up to that point films were seen as merely commercialized vehicles, and Hollywood had evolved into a mighty and well groomed machine that churned films for the pleasure of the masses.Analyzing these films Bazin came to the conclusion that it was the director who remaining the most characteristic stamp, and as illustration he held up the work of directors like Alfred Hitchcock and Howard Hawks. He advocated that directors infuse their personal vision into the films under their charge, in order that they become the complete authors, which is the ideal state. This came to be known as the Auteur theory of film, which was given a more formal presentation by Francois Truffaut. Directors were described as using the camera as a pen towards composing their films.Another significant idea of Bazins was that film should aim for objective real ity. This was in opposition to prevalent theory based on montage, which said that object of film is to manipulate reality. This instrumental approach led to the formulation of Structuralist film theory, which examines the expression of the components of film as they come together meaningfully. Instead of the dialectical approach of Eisenstein, the analysis takes into account conventional devices that have come to acquire meaning. The components that come into play are camera angle, lighting, juxtaposition, shot duration, cultural context etc.Meaning is usually accounted for by convention, and conventions change according to social and economic circumstances. For example, the highly commercial nature of Hollywood films has created the Institutional Mode of Representation, in which cinematic devices are used that make film viewing easy and exciting. For this reason it incorporates the established ideology with little departure from the norm. Other interpretations overlook the mechani cs of production and instead considered the viewer as the focus of study. Psychoanalytic film theory offers such an interpretation.It is more often than not influenced by the views of the French philosopher Jacques Lacan regarding the childs mirror stage of development. According to this theory the developing child endeavors to see a reflection of itself in all the objects it encounters. Psychoanalytic film theory replicates this situation with the viewer of film. The viewer is always looking for self-identification in the process of watching a film, and in this sense uses the medium as a mirror. It is usually the male protagonist who provides the focus of this identification, and functions as a conduit by which the desires of the viewer are played out.The film is said to have constructed a gaze for the benefit of the viewer. Sometimes the gaze is simply the viewpoint of the protagonist at other times, in the more graphic sequences, the viewer is allowed to gaze directly. Psychoana lytic theory is careful to point out that such identification is merely illusion, and therefore it differs from the identification of the child growing up, whose identifications come to form tangible character. Feminist film theory takes psychoanalytical theory a step further, in that it interprets the gaze as scopophilia, or the desire to observe in secret, which is also known as voyeurism.Such desire is sexual in origin, and feminist theory is framed in the context of the man wanted to gaze at the woman. Such a theory provides a ready explanation of the objectification of woman in film, a phenomena that has been noticed from the very beginnings of the medium. As in psychoanalytical theory, the male protagonist provides the focus of identification, but his specific desire is to objectify the women in the film, a desire which is vicariously shared by the viewer. There are three levels of objectification.First there is the cameras point of view, then that of the protagonist, and fin ally that of the viewer himself, who is allowed to gaze at the women directly. Critics of this theory point out that the distaff viewer is not taken into account, for women also go to see the same films, and they enjoy them too. However Laura Mulvey has given convincing arguments to explain female enjoyment. She says that it is either through a masochistic identification, or a transsexual one. In the first the female takes secret pleasure in male domination.In the second, the female identifies with the male protagonist, and thus shares in the pleasure that men take. However, she is also continuously slipping back into her female identity, which is said to be a mask that she wears. acknowledgement with the male pushes her uncomfortably close to the image of the subjected women, and the masquerade allows her to maintain a distance from it. Feminist film theory is a harsh criticism of the norms of cinema, which is also blamed on the patriarchal norms of society. The advocacy is to ma ke films that overcome the norms, and therefore to make films that are free from female objectification.

Low Cost Strategy Essay

Low cost strategy is one of the three generic marketing strategies. Companies use this strategy to offer low outlay in its harvest-times/services by focal pointing on various points in its value chain activities. In score to be a successful cheap competitor in a competitive environment, companies focus on several issues which all pass from the ways of margin improvement (in terms of increasing gross and reducing cost) and asset effectiveness (in the sense of minimizing working capital and maximizing winning on asset).In other words, we can say that low-cost competitors focus on efficiency in its all activities by redefining and cutting costs in their value chain. Here are different attri thoes which low-cost strategy pore companies make or follow in order to be competitive and have sustain open low-cost strategies Forming partnership in some activities which is too pricey for the company to do by itself and/or outsourcing manufacturing activities to low-cost countries.For ex ample, Huawei Technologies (which is importing and developing PBX telephone products) made partnership with 3Com and Siemens so enter new markets and overly by using its some other competitive strengths it out debates Cisco (well-known global network manufacturer) within 5-6 years. Minimizing complex and expensive activities such as, research and development, product digit and marketing and standardizing products and designs. Having no-extra service but with the best use of asset utilization.For example, Southwest Airlines lowers its costs by no-frill services but also achieve to maximize its clams by returning the plane from the gate to the air within very short time (about 20 minutes). Combining low-price with product differentiation. For example, Japanese retailer Muji as a competitor to Wal-Mart and IKEA. It is very important for a low-cost strategy focused company to identify and deal with other low-cost competitors as former(a) as possible before they become well-set a nd successful competitor in market.Therefore, companies should consider their external environment especially its competitors in order to be able to become more than competitive and gain more market share as a low-cost provider. There are 4 ways of analyzing competitive environment 1) Identifying companys low-cost rivals Possible by detecting and responding potential low-cost competitors on time based on focussing low-cost strategies against to the company. 2) Performing a total cost analysis Made by identifying a potential threats from companies which are more efficient in their product and service costs. )Developing all potential scenarios Company makes what-if scenarios by clear understanding of the market and competitors sustainable capabilities in order to create better for future. 4) Determining companys best strategic moves In this case company uses its what-if scenario understandings in a way to be able to compete and beat its low-cost rivals. While developing companys st rategic moves to gain higher market share and sustainable competitive edge, managers should develop two short-term tactics and long-term strategies.Short-term tactics allow company to make stronger its strengths and also gain time for the needed analysis to be able to develop long-term strategies while keeping low-cost rivals in a position that does not threats the company. These tactics include offering low-price product/services or providing some other sale incentives, several legal actions such as patent infringement lawsuits, product/service differentiation and lastly focusing more attractive and profitable customers by letting unprofitable ones to rivals.These short-term tactics also, allow company to maintain market share as well as gain sustainability in its actions. Long-term strategies adjust companies to changing market conditions and also allow them to pursue after new market opportunities. These strategies might be riskier than short-terms but bring more profits. Long-t erm strategy includes offering differentiated products, expanding products/services, entering into new geographical areas, becoming low-cost leader or having low-cost subsidiaries, invest in technology and lastly improving customer services.As an example, IBM was handleing personal computers as a first mover but then it started to sell differentiated product of software by offering service solutions as well when Dell and Gateway started to sell lower priced personal computers. Overall, in order to be able to successfully compete with other low-cost rivals and have sustainability as a low-cost competitor in the market Firstly, company must(prenominal) analyze its internal and external environment by defining its own and also competitors market positions and potential threats to the company.Secondly, company must be action lie by using its strengths and competitive advantage to eliminate early detected potential threats for the company in future. Lastly, company must develop a str ong plan of action to support its successful competition in the market by entering into the new markets and developing new products on the time and also adapting other necessary tactics as quick as possible.

The Effectiveness Of Multiple Intelligences

The intent of this survey was to look into the family relationship betwixt hearing comprehension and eightfold intelligences linguistic communion instruction ( MILT ) . Twelve experimental categories nurture been conducted affecting eight pupils whose ages ranged from 7 to 9. One chemical classify worked with the MI contrive and the early(a) group worked with conventionalistic instruction. The Standard Listening Test, interviews, studies, and pupil self-evaluations were used to analyse the information. Analysis of informations revealed that there was a low supreme relationship between comprehend tonss and the MI plan. viifold intelligences linguistic communication learning encourages them to take incision stuffs in conformity with learning penchants and their intelligences. These consequences put forward important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type and to cover assorted intelligences types to fit all assure pupils.Traditionally, our schools and civilization have focused most of their attending on lingual and logical-mathematical intelligence. However, Dr. Gardner develops new points of position for the construct of human intelligences which consist of many impertinent aptitudes and accomplishments. Therefore, volume should besides set the same consideration on persons who show gifts in the other intelligences the creative persons, designers, instrumentalists, naturalists, intragroup decorators, terpsichoreans, healers, enterprisers. As a affair of a fact, many pupils who have these endowments do non make their potencies and do non have much attending in school.The MI plan introduces a peculiar linguistic communication educational construct in a manner kids toilet develop their linguistic communication proficiency easy, rapidly, and efficaciously. It provides the chance to larn in ship canal harmonious with their alone heads every bit good as itinerarys that kid s are most likely to larn. It suggests that instructors should learn their lessons in a broad assortment of ways utilizing music, art activities, kinaesthetic activities, concerted acquisition, function drama, multimedia, field trips, interior contemplation, and much more to pull as many pupils who have different gifts as possible. Fortunately, many pedagogues give attending to the guess of multiple intelligences, and 100s of schools are currently utilizing this ruleological analysis to reflect on their course of study and redesign the course of study.The theory of MI assumes that people have at least sevener different intelligences that human existences have in changing grades. This research used a particular MI checklist which was designed to prove pupils on seven abstract intelligence dimensions. Seven techniques to learn besides helped them make up ones mind their preferable or dominant intelligences and supported the pupils to go more confident through and through seven co rner activities during the experimental categories.Successful experiences of the MI plan could reassign other productive effects of larning. The MI plan would be valuable that it could upraise each person s possible and exultant experiences through the course of study which reflects different single intelligences and variegation of learning schemes.The purpose of this survey is to watch over whether pupils practising listening through the MI plan improve more than those pupils practising with a traditional attack.So the present survey addresses the undermentioned inquiryAre there any important differences in listening comprehension between ESL scholars utilizing the MI plan vs. ESL scholars utilizing traditional direction?Literature ReviewIn 1993, Howard Gardner published a book that challenge the manner intelligence was perceived and studied until so. He criticized that intelligences had been focused excessively much on a individual factor and familial heritage, via paper-and-p en trials. He alternatively insisted that human intelligences, the ability to work forbidden undertakings, could non be evaluated precisely by traditional IQ trials. He suggested a Multiple intelligence information ( MI ) Theory, means that all worlds have multiple intelligences including mathematical, lingual, musical, spacial, kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal intelligences. The abilities vary depending on the person.The seven intelligences as suggested by Gardner ( 1993 ) are as followsa. Linguistic intelligence, which refers to the esthesia to the intercommunicate and written sacred scripture and the ability to utilize linguistic communication to show significance, and to actuate and carry others to make peculiar(prenominal) ends.B. Mathematical intelligence, which refers to the ability to cipher, to grok maps, and to work out jobs and other complex logical systems.c. Musical intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to chant, tune, beat and the ability to hold a right apprehension of the signifiers of music and to make musical signifiers.d. spatial intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to determine, colour, line, infinite and the ability to use ocular images accurately to make the ocular universe on paper.e. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence, which refers to the ability to utilize the organic complex body part in a skilled manner to pass on their thoughts and specific physical accomplishments such as balance, coordination and velocity for self-expression or to carry through a end.f. social intelligence, which refers to the ability to grok other desires and motives, and interact efficaciously to tempers and state of affairss.g. Intrapersonal intelligence, which refers to the ability of self-knowledge for one s feelings, emotions, and beliefs to be after and direct one s life.In after plants Gardner ( 1999 ) applied the Multiple Intelligence ( MI ) theory in the educational field at establishments such as Humanistic disc iplines Profel, Key School, and Project Spectrum. He introduced his educational proposal that each pupil could larn more successfully when being taught with focal point on intelligence spheres through his MI schools. He suggested that people should understand the multiple intelligences of each person, develop his or her possible possibilities, and work out jobs utilizing strong intelligences. Furthermore, the MI theory contributed to the linguistic communication ripening of pupils, helped them to better their positively charged acquisition attitudes, and affected productive interaction between the instructor and pupils.Gardner ( 1993 ) suggested four important deductions in the MI theory. He suggested that all people own seven intelligences and most people can come on their intelligences to an mean degree ( 1993, Gardner ) . Most people normally incorporate many intelligences at one clip in complicated ways. There are assorted tracts to develop people s intelligences in each cla ss.The best manner to plan course of study using MI theory is by believing about how we can interpret the stuff from one intelligence to other intelligences ( 1993, Gardner ) . The next seven stairss propose as efficient manner to plan curriculum units using MI theory. The instructor whitethorn concentrate on a specific subject and inquire cardinal MI inquiries. Then, the instructor may see the possibilities and brainstorm thoughts and choice appropriate activities. Finally, he or she may put up a consecutive degree and implement the program ( 1993, Gardner ) .Since all pupils have different penchants in the seven intelligences, there are no perfect schemes to fulfill all pupils at all times. Using a assortment of learning schemes can be a powerful tool to develop pupils because they have different intelligences, demands, and penchants. Lazear ( 1994 ) suggested the following some schemes by which intelligences can be taught.Verbal /Linguistic intelligenceThe utile schemes of lin gual intelligences may include storytelling, brainstorming, tape recording, poesy, argument, diary authorship, and manation. licit/mathematical intelligenceThe effectual schemes of mathematical intelligences may include computations and quantifications, categorizations, sequences, pattern games, and scientific discipline thought.Visual/spatial intelligenceThe valuable schemes of spacial intelligences may include visual image, mind-mapping, designs, thought sketching, and in writing symbols.Bodily/kinesthetic intelligenceThe helpful schemes of bodily/kinesthetic intelligences may include organic structure replies, the Classroom Theater, kinaesthetic constructs, organic structure linguistic communication, mummer, and custodies on thought.Musical intelligenceThe utile schemes of musical intelligences may include utilizing rhythms, vocals, chants, discographies, humming, musical constructs, and music public presentations.Interpersonal intelligenceThe effectual schemes of interpersonal intelligences may include equal sharing, people sculptures, concerted groups, board games, individual to individual communications, and simulations.Intrapersonal intelligenceThe helpful schemes of intrapersonal intelligences may include one-minute contemplation periods, concentration accomplishments, pick clip, feeling-tones minutes, and end scene Sessionss.The MI plan maximizes the efficiency of acquisition by utilizing pupils multiple intelligences harmonizing to involvement, strength, and aptitude. Many researches have investigated the relationship between linguistic communication proficiency and the MI plan.Abdulkader ( 2009 ) suggested the effectivity of the MI plan employed in developing reading accomplishments such as word acknowledgment accomplishments and reading comprehension accomplishments in 60 5th class acquisition handicapped pupils. Furthermore, the MI plan can optimise motive and produce memory acceleration ( Suan, 2009 ) . MI activities may heighten the acquisitio n procedure in the employment of larning schemes based on mathematical intelligence such as analysing sentences and larning schemes based on interpersonal intelligence such as treatment.Kim ( 2008 ) investigated the positive influences of MI theory on Korean schools by in-depth and concentrate group interviews. The pupils who participated MI plan actual positive learning attitude and self-pride and expanded pupils intelligence profile.Im ( 2003 ) advocated that there was important correlativity between trial tonss and spacial, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence and a important difference in pupils involvement, preparedness, engagement in category and autonomous learning attitude. There was no important difference in trial tonss between the midterm test and concluding test but there was a important difference in MI portfolio judgement tonss between the first and the fail appraisal ( Im, 2003 ) .However, there are few researches about listening accomplishmen ts utilizing the MI plan reverse to reading and composing accomplishments. It is important to demo the relation of Multiple Intelligences Theory and listening accomplishments for ESL scholars. Listening is a powerful accomplishment which enhances the other accomplishments in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Listening and reading are alternative accomplishments, agencies to other terminals, instead than terminals in themselves ( 1999, Nunan ) . It is natural for a native talker to hold automatic hearing accomplishments, contrary to ESL scholars.Choi ( 2000 ) suggested that listening ability and attitude would be improved through the MI political platform. He proposed that the MI plan was a successful for EFL pupils to better speech doing and listening accomplishments and do pupils take part dynamically in a learning process with a assurance. The participants tried to utilize many words and spoke aloud and clearly during their presentation. Their comprehension of listeni ng improved.Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) advocated the thought that there was a important relationship between a peculiar type of intelligence and accomplishment in grammar, hearing, and reading. His consequence showed that there was a high positive relationship between listening tonss and musical intelligences. Kim ( 2002 ) found that communicative competency including hearing and talking improved by using the MI plan for 5th grade pupils. The MI direction group showed a important betterment in listening and talking tonss instead than in traditional direction group.The research is strongly needed to look into hearing accomplishments utilizing the MI plan for ESL/EFL scholars since hearing is hard and a important basic accomplishment for ESL scholars contrary to native talkers. That is the ground that the listening accomplishments consequences about MI researches in the other states such as Korea, Turkey, and Japan are more than English speech production states.MethodParticipantsEight pupils ( four male ) with high novice proficiency degree participated in the present survey. Participants were chosen by the research worker as holding the same native linguistic communication ( Korean ) and similar English proficiency through a diagnosing trial. The participants, whose ages ranged from 7 to 9, have been in the United States less than 6 months. Students were indiscriminately classified into two groups one group worked with the MI plan and the other group worked with the traditional direction.ProcedureThe MI plan was conducted for enduring 45 proceedingss each session, two times per hebdomad, for six hebdomads. Both groups were taught with the same frequence. Over these Sessionss the pupils of one group learned from a school text edition utilizing the MI plan. The pupils completed MI activities by listening to other pupils speak and by talking their thoughts. Instructional methods based on the MI theory were devised, applied, and redesigned to the dent pupils. In add-on , pupils were allowed to work together the MI activities, and the teacher gave aid and mold. The seven intelligences were employed in all Sessionss, such as brainstorming, mathematical job resolution, utilizing illustrations, doing marks, function drama, organic structure motion, vocal and chant, collaborative working, measuring ain thought, and single contemplation. During the first session ( first three hebdomads ) , pupils experienced all seven MI groups. During the 2nd session ( the following 3 hebdomads ) , pupils were allowed to take the Multiple Intelligences activities they wanted.The other group was taught by traditional direction with a text book, such as reading aloud, making inquiries and replies, and make fulling out press releases. Teacher-centered acquisition, such as traditional mini lessons about book context was conducted.3. Materials and informations aggregationTo point out the experiment, books were redesigned and course of study was developed by concentrating o n a specific subject and cardinal MI inquiries. Besides, appropriate MI activities were set up consecutive harmonizing to pupils involvement, proficiency degree, and demand. An instructional method based on the multiple intelligences theory was devised and applied. For the traditional direction, the lesson program was implemented in progress harmonizing to pupils degree and stuffs and appraisal were developed in progress.The standard listening trial of the Korea Minister of Education was conducted for dependable informations of the pre-test and post-test. It included the content of experiment learning with a entire mark of 100. In add-on, the research employed both structured and unstructured interviews, and pupil self-evaluations. After the experiment, a study was administered and the effectivity and the learning result of the experimental method will be analyzed.ConsequencesThe inquiry in this survey investigated the differences in listening tonss between MI direction and tradit ional direction. The research worker used a pre-test and post-test of listening comprehension to verify this inquiry.The tabular array 1 shows that there is small difference in station trial tonss between MILT and traditional direction. The pre-test mean of MILT was 82.0 points and the pre-test mean of traditional direction was 83.0 points. The tabular array shows that there are positive differences in post-test mean tonss between the experimental group ( M = 87.5 ) and the control group ( M = 85.0 ) in the listening trial.Table 1. pre-test and station trial consequence between MILT and Traditional InstructionmiltTraditional DirectionCapablepre-teststation trialsubjectapre-teststation trialA18490B18284A28288B28486A38084B38688A48288B48082amount328350entire332338mean8287.5mean8385.0The map below shows that both groups improved their hearing tonss in the station -test. The mean of both group s pretest was 82.5 and that of station trial was 86.3. However, the MI group achieved more or less more do-gooders in listening trial tonss, compared to the control group.Chart 1. The comparing between pretest and station trial of each groupThe research worker used the T-test to analyze the way of this significance. The information shows that there is a low relationship between the post-test tonss and MILT ( P & lt .0.37 ) . The SD of both groups were similar. SD of Multiple intelligence group was 2.52 and SD of traditional direction group was 2.58.Table 2. T-test consequences for the differences in station trial tonss between experimental and control groups in the listening trial.GroupNitrogenMeanSouth dakotaT-TestMilt487.52.520.37Traditional direction4852.58DiscussionsThe chief aim of the present survey was to research whether there were important differences in the listening trial between utilizing MI Program and traditional plan. Consequences indicated that there was a low positive relationship between listening tonss and the MI plan. Choi ( 2000 ) , Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) , and Kim ( 2002 ) showed a high positive relationship between an addition in listening tonss and the MI plan. Contrary to their research, using the MI plan might lend to bettering listening comprehension, but there was no high positive correlativity due to the short research period.Harmonizing to their interviews, studies, and observations of category, they participated in MI larning actively compared to the traditional categories. Besides, they reported more ennui when they were taught harmonizing to merely one intelligence type. These consequences provide important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type of the pupils and to cover assorted intelligence types to fulfill all mark pupils.This survey s inquiry was on the relationship between the MI direction and listening comprehension between ESL scholars. The consequence showed a low positive relationship. The findings including pupils interviews and a study su ggested that multiple intelligences linguistic communication instruction ( MILT ) can be applied to ESL scholars English categories. MILT allows pupils to take part in bespoke survey and content to custom-make it to their involvements. This effort provides pupils with a sense of achievement, assurance, and positive acquisition attitudes. Children participated more actively and it promoted their interaction among other pupils. Ultimately, it somewhat developed their listening competency.Therefore, farther surveies should be conducted about the relationship between listening accomplishments and MI direction including long term research and more participants. Furthermore, it would be meaning(prenominal) research if it finds any relationship and analysis of intelligences types and pupils success in linguistic communication accomplishments including hearing, speech production, reading, and composing.

Amoled Technology Essay

Since cc1, funded by subject field and european programs, the fetch is developing new research lines focused on molecular(a) magnets, molecular opto-electronic devices, molecular machines and supraand supermolecular structures with long lived electron transfer processes. The IcMol has employed more than 100 scientific researchers and is base at the Valencia University Campus. The Institute presents the most advanced systems for the preparation and characterization of organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and other mite base opto-electronic devices.Main tasks in the project argon the following Preparation of p and n pillow slip solution processable charge injection layers Wet processing of optically or electronically active infinitesimal molecules Hybrid and standard device preparation and characterization www. uv. es www. icmol. es Appendix 5CombOLED Project, Partners Leti Leti is a CEA laboratory located in Grenoble which is ace of the main European applied research centres in electronics. more than 85% of its activity is devoted to research that is conducted with outside partners.We are a partner to the industrial world, with two hundred collaborators and 350 contracts a year. Leti has led to the creation of almost 30 start-ups in high-technology, including Soitec, the world leader in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI). We files some 180 patents a year and manage a portfolio of 1,000 inventions protected by patents. Our main areas of activity are as follows Micro-and nano-technologies for microelectronics, Technologies, design and integration of microsystems, Imaging technologies, Micro- and nano-technologies for biology and health, Communication technologies and nomad objects.Leti is endowed with an annual budget of 174 M and employs 1,000 people with, in addition, more than 500 external collaborators (postgraduates, research partners and industrialists). We have 11,000m? of clean rooms, an equipment portfolio worth 200 M and we inves t more than 40 M a year on new equipment. Leti is one of the main forces behind Minatec, Europes premier Centre of Excellence in Microand Nano-technologies. In the incoming Minatec is destined to bring together more than 4,000 researchers, industrialists and teaching staff in Grenoble. www-leti. cea. fr Appendix 5CombOLED Project, PartnersPPML PPML is one of the first European companies that are investing in OLED applications. PPML was born in 2005 with the aim to break the excellence in manufacturing OLED based solutions. Having collected a wide database of feasible applications, PPML is currently working in the deployment of some prototypes and general demonstrator in partnership with OSRAM-OS and with the aim to launch the first solutions in jibe with OLED introduction into the lighting market. PPML will contribute to CombOLED project leading the dissemination activities in order to speed OLED penetration to the final users.For this reason, PPML will lead a wide dissemination campaign through cognize channels like the organization of a specific Design Contest and special Workshops with the major European Design School. www. ppml. it Appendix 5CombOLED Project, Partners Schreiner Group Innovation, Quality, Performance and Enthusiasm are the values of Schreiner Group based in Oberschleissheim near Munich. The family-owned business develops, designs and produces high-tech products. As certified system suppliers and development partners, seven specialised divisions offer a comprehensive range of innovative products and customized solutions.Schreiner ProTech delivers individual solutions for self-adhesive markings and functional components for engineering industries. Schreiner MediPharm focuses on self-adhesive products for aesculapian technology and pharmaceuticals. Schreiner ProSecure offers a wide range of counterfeit-proof solutions for authenticity and value protection. Schreiner LogiData specializes in data carriers, transponders and complete systems based on RFID technology. Schreiner VarioLight develops and produces printed electronics, in particular high-grade electroluminescent lamps with electronic power supply and control components.Schreiner Systems offers complete solutions from consulting stick out and development of specifications, to delivery and installation of hard- and software, all the way to after-sales service. Schreiner Labels designs and produces labels for product marking and advertising. Schreiner Groups incur in printing electronic devices stems from various products including antennas, capacitive sensors and electroluminescent lamps.

Irrationalism

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction.. 2 2 What is chimericalism?.. 2 3 Origins of Irfreethinking. 2 3. 1 The Limits of Rationalism2 3. 2 The Religious Issue.. 3 4 Historical Synopsis3 4. 1 Ancient classical Era4 4. 2 Me sinkval Mysticism.. 4 4. 3 Modern Era. 4. 4 The Historical Culmination of Ir reasoning(prenominal)ism.. 5 4. 5 The Twentieth Century6 5 Critical Evaluation7 5. 1 Irrational vs. non-rational. 7 6 Conclusion 8 7 References9 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The term starlessism, which depicts a 19th and beforehand(predicate) 20th carbon philosophical movement, is a trend that claims to enrich or reach out gentlemans gentleman apprehension of life beyond the horizon of reason.This movement, as shall be demonstrated in this work, arose as a sort of reaction against the traditional everyplace bloating of the capacities of benignant reason. Thus, it sought to incorporate new(prenominal) aspects of human life such(prenominal) emotions, will, passion and even faith. Accordingly, suc h movements like voluntarism, mysticism or trust, romanticism et al, bump their place within this trend. But it must be noted at at once that this movement does not seek to negate or refute the capacities of human reason.Instead it seeks to postulate that with rationality alone, human bes cannot explore reliable atomic number 18as of life which are in themselves unavoidable experiential data of human life. It is to delineate elaborately on the tenets of this trend that this work is poised to do. To achieve this, we have opted to render this ex go under in accordance with the to a higher place given outline. 2. 0 WHAT IS IRRATIONALISM? Irrationalism refers to any movement of view that emphasizes the non-rational or irrational section of squareity over and to a higher place the rational .More than a school of thought, irrationalism is a multi-faceted reaction against the dominance of rationalism. As such, it played a significant role in western culture towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the lineage of the twentieth century. Irrationalism need not be opposed to reason. It can consist of a simple knowingness that the rational aspect of things tends to be overemphasized and that this needs to be compensated by an emphasis on intuition, feeling, emotions, and the subconscious, etc . 3. 0 ORIGINS OF IRRATIONALISMThere are at least two main sources of irrationalism, viz ?The Limits of Rationalism First, we see that even the close to consistently rationalist approach of the creative activity will yield, in the end, some ultimate notions that can no longer be grasped or expressed finished and through rational language. Such include questions of truth, goodness, beauty, and so on). This clear appears in ancient Greek philosophy. In the eighteenth century Enlightenment, a somewhat superficial presumption in reason was often maintained, and the question about ultimate realities was thus avoided.Still, Voltaire, a typical lesson of the Lumiere s, was very skeptical about the natural lights of human reason and the ability to find definitive answers. 19th century Positivism, finally, appeared as the culmination of human confidence in reason establish on scientific advances. The positivists belief that scientific reason would make all another(prenominal) approaches obsolete, however, was soon largely rejected as a naive illusion. Irrationalism has in that locationfore acted as a recurrent challenge to the belief that analytical or deductive reasoning was the alpha and omega of human mental activity . The Religious Issue A second challenge to the preponderance of reason has come from the sacred side. All the worlds religious traditions, based on immediate experience as much as revelation, have an acute awareness that the human predicament is at odds with the very ideal of perfection and happiness. In Christian thought, there is the dual notion of graven images judgment and his grace, a slur best expressed by the apostl e Paul and revived most resplendently by the Re diversityers, such as Martin Luther King Jnr. nd denim Calvin. The very notion of sin in a world created by an omnipotent and good deity seems contradictory to reason. This dissonance is heightened by such enigmaical biblical variateulations like, those who want to live will die and those who want to die will live and the first shall be the last. Thus, in the religious context, irrationalism takes on the temperament of paradox and mystery. It is not possible for unaided human reason to in full grasp the meaning of the human condition.It has to be accepted that two basic facts (God and evil) coexists in a way that cannot be rationally explained. further faith or spiritual intuition can somehow comprehend what is meaningless for reason alone. This spotlight maintains a strong presence, even where attempts at offering rational explanations abound. In various different contexts, other world religions have approached the same basic issue and offered a response that invariably amounted to a rejection of rationalism .In the religious world of the Far East (notably India and China), the response has often been sought in higher experience involving spiritual perception and allowing the believer to see how seemingly contradictory notions can harmonize on a higher plane. There is also a general insistence on the need to find the make up status in approaching everyday life and its ultimate questions. Finally, in Zen Buddhism, enlightenment through direct experience, by which one is jolted out of ones habitual condition, is seen as the answer.Thus, religions response to the limits of reason tends to have a strong emotional, experiential, and voluntary component. 4. 0 HISTORICAL abstraction The chronicle of western philosophy has been overwhelmingly dominated by the notion that reason and intellect curb the value of thought, culminating in eighteenth century rationalism, nineteenth century favourableness, and tw entieth century logical positivism . Irrationalism has thus broadly speaking been a secondary reaction wielded by a few minor figures, an fraction embedded in the thought of otherwise rational thinkers, or an underlying and largely hidden element.A contiguous look, however, reveals the importance of non-rational issues and the emotional factor, notably in fields like ethics, aesthetics, education, axiology, and even such a barrier of rationalism as epistemology. Irrationalism became a major force in western culture for the first season in the nineteenth century. Its impact reached far beyond philosophy and the academia and was felt in the completely of society, including the political sphere, from the Romantic period to World War II, and beyond. ?Ancient Greek EraAncient Greek philosophy is primarily recognized as the paragon of rational thinking. Its giants, Plato and Aristotle, viewed the rational mind as the upshot of human identity. For Plato in particular, the realm of emotions linked to physical existence represented the lower counterpart to the eonian beauty and goodness of immaterial, rational souls. But his philosophy in fact culminates in a potently mystical form of idealism. The immortality of the soul, eternal truth and beauty in particular, are introduced as the result of a higher insight, not of deductive or analytical thought.Such a trend continued in Neo-Platonism. Plato and his mentor Socrates are also related to the Mystery religions of ancient Greece which are often referred to in mythical form in the Platonic dialogues . The Eleusian Mysteries and the Delphic Sibyl are two examples of what Nietzsche would later call the Dionysian element of ebullience and spiritual drunkenness in Greek culturean element that would combine with the plastic and formal element of light, the Apollonian element, to produce the masterpieces of Greek culture.In earlier Greek philosophy, that element could already be found in the altogether kit and c aboodle of Empedocles and Pythagoras. It was very influential in Greek tragedy and poetry. The cryptic aphorisms of Heraclitus, another pre-Socratic philosopher, also stand in stark contrast to the smooth flow of rational dialogue, though his dialectic does not directly encourage irrationalism . Finally, the notion of destiny of fate arbitrarily willed by the gods of the Olymp constitutes an endorsement of irrationalism. Within such notions, things dont make sense.They just have to be accepted. ?Medieval Mysticism In medieval thought, irrationalism appears in the form of mysticism and voluntarism. Even Thomas Aquinas, probably the most rationally oriented of the middle age theologians, had a mystical experience towards the end of his life in which it appeared to him that all he had written was like cover . Mystically oriented writers like Meister Eckhart and Jakob Bohme saw knowledge of God as limited to contradict theology. For the via negativa, the save positive statements th at could be made about God were those negating ossible limitations of his Being (God is not finite, etc. ). The whole history of medieval thought which reflected Christianity, Judaism and Muslimwas about defining the boundaries of the rational philosophical approach in its showdown with faith, i. e. an approach that transcends human reason. ?Modern Era Among the great metaphysicians of the seventeenth century such as Descartes, Leibniz, put down alia, French Catholic thinker Blaise pascal represents an illustrious exception.The highly intellectually gifted mathematician came as an early precursor of Christian existentialism and famously stated that the heart has its reasons that are unknown to reason . Pascal also made the equally famous distinction mingled with the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and the God of the philosophers, i. e. , understanding through revelation and understanding through reason . Pascals position somehow forms a continuation of the Augustinian traditio n defended by Duns Scotus and its volutaristic emphasis on the will to believe, rather than rational conviction. The Historical Culmination of Irrationalism The real breakthrough of irrationalism came with the backlash against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the subsequent wave of Positivism. At the end of the eighteenth century, Immanuel Kant had cogitate that reason cannot give indisputable and ultimate knowledge about man, especially not about God and the transcendent. In this, he wanted to make place for faith, which he also saw as a form of reason. The question over what counts as reason and what does not would thus later become an grand one.For many, anything not related to scientific knowledge of the empirically known universe does not qualify as reason . For others, especially in the era of Romanticism, the minds innate ability to recognize the reality of the Ultimate represents the highest peak of reason . At this point, one has a convergence between rationalis m and irrationalism, with mostly a difference of terminology. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Jakob Friedrich Fries, and Johann Georg Hamann are noted representatives of that period .The German persuasionlists are another example of thought systems developed with great emphasis on rational thought, solely culminating in often highly irrational speculation. This is true even of Hegel, and his panlogism, and much more so Schelling, especially in his later, mystical phase . With Arthur Schopenhauer, irrationalism is embraced fully in the form of voluntarism . A blind will is presented as the foundation of existence, while the world of rational representations only forms the deceptive surface of things (in ways similar to Indian thought).Friedrich Nietzsche was equally skeptical of the wests rational tradition and its shallow ethical codes, stressing such notions as the will to power and the playfulness of a child . In the Christian tradition, Soren Kierkegaard was strongly critical of the rational constructions of Hegel and proposed the leap of faith of the existentialist attitude as an alternative. His overall orientation, usually without the Christian connotation, would be maintained in the thought of twentieth century existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre.For Henri Bergson, whose intuitivism was based on the notion of elan vital (vital thrust), rational thought was equally unequipped to grasp the essence of things. Finally, even a strongly intellectual philosophy like Edmund Husserls phenomenology is based on intuition as an element that comes prior to rational analysis in the perception of reality. The above list of names, to which many others could be added, exemplifies what Paul Tillich had in mind when he referred to the strong irrational undercurrent in western thought.Philosophical irrationalism would expand into many other areas of culture, including history (as shown in the works of Wilhelm Dilthey and Oswald Spengler) and, most famously in psychoanalysis (as shown in the works of Sigmund Freud, Carl-Gustav Jung). The latters implication is that irrational unconscious forces are really shaping human life. William James would espouse another form of non-rational emphasis in explaining the kit and caboodle of the mind and that is Pragmatism, which argues that positions are indwellingly justified when they work. The Twentieth Century The clash between rationalism and irrationalism would continue throughout the twentieth century, with rationalism being reinforced by the stunning development of science and irrationalism being bolstered by the obvious senselessness of many world events. A possible point of convergence has been modern-day sciences recognition of the inadequacy of the traditional mechanistic worldview and its advocacy of a much great sophistication in attempts to grasp the nuances of its key notions.This has led many to abandon scientific reductionism and its denial of the abyssal realm of the spirit. In the philosophi cal world, postmodernism has seen a wholesale rejection of all hitherto accepted certainties. Thus, there is paradox of a contemporary world where humankind has a firmer grasp and control over natural phenomena than ever, and one in which, at the same time, the rational character of that world has been increasingly challenged in ontology and epistemology as well as in ethics (e. g.Nietzsche and more recently Michel Foucault and their refusal to accept given norms) . 5. 0 particular EVALUATION From the foregoing, it is clear that much of what passes for irrationalism, in fact, does not challenge the validity of reason, but rather opens the possibilities of other realms of investigation that had been previously ignored by the rationalist tradition. This comes together with a rebellion against the rationalization of a reality that is perceived as absurd or ethical rules that are perceived to be abusive in their pretension to be rationally grounded.Nevertheless, the thrust of our eva luation herein shall focus on distinguishing between two terms that may seem compounded. This shall enable us with the ability to conclude whether the philosophers of this trend were both irrational or non-rational. ?Irrational vs. Non-rational The difference between non-rational and irrational is not as easy to fasten as it may appear. German authors, like the philosopher of religion Rudolf Otto, often use the equivalent of the English irrational, but translators of their writings prefer to use non-rational to avoid giving the impression of an anti-rational bias.Indeed, in a context such as Ottos, irrational is meant to convey the meaning of something that eludes the grasp of reason, a depth dimension of the human wit that cannot be appropriately expressed in rational language. It does not mean that the author rejects the rational discourse altogether. In the case of Otto, the contrary is the case. This author strongly stresses the need for academic discourse to proceed harmon ise to strict rational rules and to avoid the excesses of romantic enthusiasm. Otto merely wants to show that reason is not alone and that once it has spoken, something remains that can nly be grasped intuitively and expressed in symbols. Similarly, todays sociology of religion generally understands myths as a genuine and irreplaceable component of the human discourse, one that can express certain realities better than straight scientific talk and even reach where that talk cannot go. There is no negative connotation attached to myth under these circumstances. 6. 0 CONCLUSION In the end, the understanding of irrationalism in the sense of non-rational or irrational is a matter of worldview.For those who consider that the universe and if applicable, the Supreme Being, form a whole that is non-contradictory and where intellect, emotion, and will coexist harmoniously as different aspects of that reality, non-rational will have to be chosen as the proper expression. In that perspective, irrational will have to be reserved for the cases of opinions or behavior that fails to stay on by the accepted rules of reasonnot to describe that which transcends the realm of reason. In the main, few will defend a strong version of the opposite position that contradiction lies at the heart of everything.Such a position would make any discourse impossible, including that of those who hold this position. But various thinkers have emphasized the paradoxical nature of reality. In such a view, reality may not be fully contradictory, but it presents essential features that will always stand in paradoxical position to each other. Such is in general, the position of dialectical philosophy. Other strong forms of irrationalism are those which argue a fundamentally absurd nature of the world or the complete irrelevance of the rational discourse.Be these as they may, we rest our case in the contention that irrationalism stands at par with rationalism with only a slight difference in their r espective emphasis. REFERENCES ?Benne, Kenneth D, Contemporary Irrationalism and the Idea of Rationality, In Studies in Philosophy and Education. Volume 6, Number 4 / December, 1969 ? Bergson, Henri, Creative Evolution. Dover Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-0486400365 ? Dewolf, L. H, Religious ascent Against Reason, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 978-0837100616 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, Concluding Unscientific Postscript.Princeton University Press, 1941. ISBN 978-0691019604 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, and Howard Vincent. Philosophical Fragments, Princeton University Press, 1962. ISBN 978-0691019550 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil. Digireads. com, 2005, ISBN 978-1420922509 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, and Walter Kaufmann, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, Vintage, 1989. ISBN 978-0679724629 ? Pascal, Blaise, Pensees, LGF Livre de Poche, 2000, ISBN 978-2253160694 ? Plato, The Symposium, Penguin Classics, 2003, ISBN 978-0140449273 ?Schopenhauer, Arthur, Die dress down als Wille und Vor stellung, 1818/1819, vol. 2 1844 (The World as Will and Representation, sometimes also known in English as The World as Will and Idea), Dover Publications, 1966. ISBN 978-0486217628. ?Stumpf, Samuel E, Philosophy History and Problems, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 1221, Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020, ISBN 0-07-240635-6, ordinal Edition, 2003. OTHER SOURCES ?Encyclopedia Britannica. com. ?Guide to Philosophy on the Internet. ?Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ?The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Chain of Command Informed

The reason it is important to bear your chain of command conscious is because when you atomic number 18 in the military you never know what any one person might involve you for and you atomic number 18 a solider ours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year. A few of the other reasons are the chain of command mite need to contact you because your whole is being activated in which case you will arrive to show up with all(a) of the bags and some(prenominal) else they tell you to bring in at a plaste chromatic place at a certain time.A nonher reason is you may ingest to take a pips test in which case you will have to show up at a retain place at a certain time. unity of the biggest reasons you have to keep you chain of command informed is because of accountability your chain of command must have 100 percent accountability of all the soldiers assigned to them at all times. You must also keep your chain of command informed incase a solider comes up absent so they know that it is not you.Another big reason you must keep you chain of command informed is because if the unit fathers a red cross message for you they have to know were you are and be able to get a turn out of you no matter what because if your nit gets a red cross message because It Is normally something real near it could h/ death in your family or a family member severely ill an you need to get home as soon as possible to comfort your other family members/Also because if you are stationed in Germany or any of the other countries outside the united states that the united states army has a base at you are always at a higher threat level then army bases In the unites states so their for If something ever happens to a solider out side of the army base you are stationed on your chain of command needs to know that It Isnt you an they wont have the time to run near an look for you. quaternate Is also Important to keep your chain of command Informed because If a mad Items comes up missing then no one can go any were till the thin Item Is found. Those are some of the reasons that you must keep your chain of command Informed of your whereabouts at all times. The definition of juvenile delinquency of duty Is a specific offense under United States Code Title 10,892. Article 92 and applies to all branches of the US military. A service member who Is ramshackle has willfully refused to perform his duties (or follow a given order) or has Incapacitated himself In such a way that he cannot perform his duties.Incapacitation Includes travel asleep while on-duty getting drunk and being unable(p) to perform his duties or vacating his post contrary to regulations. Article 92 also applies to service members whose acts or omissions rise result In criminally heedless behavior Reasons It Is Important to Keep Your Chain of Command Informed By unimpassioned unit gets a red cross message then it is normally something real serious it could h/ states army has a base at you are always at a higher threat level then army bases in the unites states so their for if something ever happens to a solider out side of the army base you are stationed on your chain of command needs to know that it isnt you an they wont have the time to run around an look for you. T is also important to keep your chain of command informed because if a sensitive items comes up missing hen no one can go any were till the sensitive item is found. Those are some of the reasons that you must keep your chain of command informed of your whereabouts at all times. The definition of Dereliction of duty is a specific offense under United States member who is derelict has willfully refused to perform his duties (or follow a given order) or has incapacitated himself in such a way that he cannot perform his duties. Incapacitation includes falling asleep while on-duty getting drunk and being unable applies to service members whose acts or omissions rise result in criminally

Polymer Processing

Chapter 3. Polymer litigateing Polymer make Techniques Fig. 3. 1. Procedure for moulding sheets of polymer. Polymer Materials scalawag ? 2 Polymer cover Techniques HEMA = hydroxyethyl methacrylate EGDMA = ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Fig. 3. 2. Centrifugal mold for poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) contact lenses Solvent plaster cast of films Fig. 3. 3. science laboratory spreading device for the solution stamp of films. Polymer Materials paginate ? 3 Polymer wreak Techniques Roll casting Fig. 3. 4. Knife coating of a polymer onto a film. Polymer Materials Page ? 4 Polymer Process TechniquesFig. 3. 5. Polymer casting bench. Polymer Materials Page ? 5 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 6. Solution casting of films on an industrial scale with the use of rotating metal drums. Polymer Materials Page ? 6 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 7. Use of a moving-belt system for the continuous solution casting of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 7 Polymer Process Techniques Fig . 3. 8. Bubble blowing of films. Polymer Materials Page ? 8 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 9. Film manufacture by calendering. Polymer Materials Page ? 9 Polymer Process TechniquesMethods for melt processing of films Fig. 3. 10. Hydraulic press for the melt pressing of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 10 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 11. successiveness of operations for the melt extrusion of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 11 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 12. plat of a plastics extruder. Polymer Materials Page ? 12 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 13. Diagram of a compression-molding press and mold. Polymer Materials Page ? 13 Polymer Process Techniques Melt process Fig. 3. 14. Diagram of an injection-molding machine. Polymer MaterialsPage ? 14 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 15. Thermoforming of polymer sheets. Polymer Materials Page ? 15 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 16. Plug flow reactor to manufacture radiation crosslinked tubings or bel ts. Polymer Materials Page ? 16 Polymer Process Techniques Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) Advantages ? Large parts ? clinical depression viscosity ? Inexpensive Materials ? Urethanes ? Polyureas ? Nylon ? Polyolefins Fig. 3. 17. Reaction injection molding (RIM) device to produce reinforced polyurethanes. ? Cylinder aerated with diol and triol plus dibutyltin dilaurate ?Cylinder charged with molten diisocyanate ? Half of recrudesce mold ? Half of split mold ? Cavity to be filled with reinforcing fiber, then with mixed liquid from nozzle ? Nozzle for mixed bag streams from ? and ? Polymer Materials Page ? 17 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 18. Apparatus for the laboratory wet spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 18 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 19. Use of a motor-driven syringe pump for the laboratory preparation of wet-spun fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 19 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 20. Laboratory assembly for the ry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materi als Page ? 20 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 21. Industrial wet spinning. Polymer Materials Page ? 21 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 22. Laboratory or pilot-plant equipment for the melt extrusion of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 22 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 23. Manufacturing equipment for the dry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 23 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 24. Equipment for the melt spinning of fibers on an industrial scale. Polymer Materials Page ? 24 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 25.Three methods for the continuous orientation of synthetic fibers. (a) The fiber passes round a peg which stabilizes the stretch orientation being generate by the faster-turning set of rollers. (b) The faster-turning drum stretches the polymer in the orientation zone. With this technique some difficulty may be experienced with stabilization of this zone. (c) The two drums turn at the same speed. But the fiber is stretched because of the greater circumfere nce of the second drum. Polymer Materials Page ? 25 Polymer Process Techniques Processing of Elastomers (Vulcanizable) Fig. 3. 26.Reactor to manufacture four-ply valcanized rubber belts. Polymer Materials Page ? 26 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 27. Tire molding process Polymer Materials Page ? 27 Polymer Process Techniques Composite & Laminate Processing Fig. 3. 28. Plug-flow reactor to form epoxy resin preimpregnated sheet. Polymer Materials Page ? 28 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 29. Batch reactor to manufacture glass-fiber reinforced polyesters. Polymer Materials Page ? 29 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 30. Procedure used to manufacture fiber reinforced epoxy resins. Polymer Materials Page ? 30

Principles of Marketing: New Product Development

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB GUJRANWALA CAMPUS Principles of Marketing MARKETING PROJECT raw(a) return knowledge Submitted to Prof. Hafiz Ihsan-ur-Rehman Submitted By Usman Khalid Mc09023 Umar Farooq Mc09002 Faraz Raza Mc09040 M. Usman Mc09026 Jahangir Badar Mc09061 Ahmad Khayyam Mc09035 PROJECT CONTENTS 1. Segmentation & bespeak Marketing (Characteristics How harvest-festival fit with T. M. ) 2. Product Ideas ,Screening, excogitation Development & Testing. 3. Demand Estimation 4. Marketing Mix 1) Product 2) Price 3) Placement ) advancement (Print, intercommunicate & T V ads. ) 5) 5. represent Estimation Variable followFixed cost P. U. P. U. 6. Plant Cost Segmentation & arse Marketing Segmentation Dividing a market into smaller aggroups with distinct needs characteristics or behaviors who might take on separate harvest or marketing mix Geographic Segmentation We considered the Punjab as a full-page market for our Product and assort the Punjab on the dry land of cities e. g. Gujranwala, Lahore, Gujrat. We divide the GRW market on zone basis i. e. Satellite town, modeling town, Urdu bazaar, People colony etc.Demographic Segmentation (on the family size basis) Now we divide the conducted urdu Bazar market on the basis of family size. A family whose has ten members need a contact arm afterward six months or re broadcastment of preventive is necessary after troika or four months. Target Market Our intersection point is consumer harvesting and basically for phratry. Our Targeted Market is Urdu Bazar in which we issue the wip mopr on different shops for sale. Our Targeted Customers argon families in which at that place are five or more family members. Targeted market How wip windshield contact arm fit with the Target Market?Our Product Wip wiper is fit with the Targeted market of urdu Bazar beca office it is a household item and is purchased by the family mint. And in Urdu Bazar of Gujranwala people come for purchase of different househo ld items and our produce wip wiper has additional pure tone of pee system cut so our Stall of product lead suck the people and people give subvert it imputable to its additional features. And there are also voltage buyers of wiper that purchased the wiper after six months we can also convert these buyer on our product. Our product is consumer product.It is the need of every house and we are providing additional facility in this product i. e. water supply. In the selected targeted market, there will be numerous customers of product WIP WIPPER So its better market for our product New Product Development New Product Development process consist of ideas generation, ideas screening, concept preparement and testing, backing analysis, test market, commercialization and launching the new product in the targeted market. We discuss the four these things relating to our Product of wipe wiper. Now the detailed information of these is underIDEAS GENERATION Fol get-going are the New P roduct ideas are generated by our Group members. Which are as follows 1) Create such character reference of machine, that convert any extraction group into required blood group. Just like we want O Negative and we do A Positive then machine will help us to convert our available blood group of A Positive into required O Negative blood group. 2) NOKIA mobile troupe should produce that case of mobile in which translator facility is included. This Mobile Phone will give advantage to the people who are not able to speak different type of languages. ) in that location should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detersive supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. imputable to this product the work of women will be little and they have still to manage the wiper with water supply. 4) PlayStation gaming political party should to create that type of glasses in which there is facility of watching television and fulfilling different type of games. This type of glasses wi ll try advantage to the people to watch different types of movies, program and play different type of exciting games during traveling. ) PHILIPS Company should develop remote ascendence brass for switching run into the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 6) Replacement of petrol tank into CNG tank in monastic order to use the CNG instead of petrol in Motorcycles. It will be beneficial to save the petrol and to control the pollution in the environment because CNG is less costly as compared to petrol. 7) GFC fan company should develop that type of ceiling fans that are running with the help of SOLAR system without using electricity. And that fan should use by the piece its own SOLAR system. ) DOLCE and GABBANA wrist watch company should create that type of wrist watches in which Willkie Talkie facility is included. That gives advantage to the people for communicating with each others within a specific distance. 9) PEPSI company should make Ice Cream products just like FEAST, CORNATO and OTHER similar Ice Creams that gives advantage to the PEPSI company for creating more market share. 10) HONDA motors should make that type of brake system in cars that immediately stop the cars from unintended events. Before any type of accident. 1) There should be a chip which are fix in front of the vehicles and by which the people can pay the TOOL TAX by prepaid accounts. That system will solve the traffic problems. 12) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data share-out IDEA SCREENING Idea Screening means screening new-product ideas in order to spot nigh ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible. Next step of new product development process is idea screening in which most suitable ideas with possibilities to develop the new product are selected. Following are the three ideas which are selected by us for new product development. subsequently further verification and availability of resources we will select one of them for real(a) produc t development. 1) PHILIPS Company should develop remote control system for switching off the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 2) There should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. 3) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data sharing Selected Idea for Project subsequently screening ideas, we are going to develop a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. As this product will provide the much benefits to the people and there is need for such type of product in the society that will facilitate the women in their working, so there will be many customers for this product. So, our selected idea is the development of the wi per with water supply. CONCEPT instruction & TESTINGThe idea of wipe wiper with additional quality of water supply and supply of detergent for washing and cleaning rooms So, There is no need to separately handle the water shriek and other equipment for washing the rooms and places of houses and offices. This is the concept of the product that might facilitate the cleaning of offices and houses. By utterance of time, Group thinking is to develop this idea into true(a) product. We have discussed the idea of wipe wiper with many people and we have listen favorable words for our product and the potential buyers are agree to buy the new product, if we offer for sale.After filling the test market we are in a put down to develop the WIP WIPPER Demand Estimation In Gujranwala, there are 2200000 people and when we divide the Gujranwala population on 10 (Average family members in a family) i. e. 2200000/10 =220000 We received 220000 families and there is a need of a wiper after six mont h or there is need for replacement of rubber. So, we conclude according to supra estimation that the demand for our product in Gujranwala will be 220000 or more or less wiper at the start of the business and there will be a decrease in the demand after one month. e considered that our demand will be 220000/6=36666 For expansion of business, we have to go in other cities and for proper running of business, this demand is not sufficient. This Business has attractiveness due to its expanding market. Marketing Mix The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools i. e Product, Price, Place and Promotion that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. Following are the elements of Marketing Mix point of intersection Any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need.LEVELS OF PRODUCT Before actual Product, we have to think on the three trains of the product. The more basic level of the product is the core benefit of the product. The second level of the product is actual product level and the last level of the product is to define the product at the augmented level of the product. Now we examine these levels relating to WIPE WIPER. 1-CORE BENEFIT Cleaning in minimum time. 2-ACTUAL PRODUCT Now we turn the core benefit of cleaning in minimum time into actual product and define the product at this level. 1. discover OF PRODUCT Wipe wiper 2. FEATURESAdditional water supply of detergent, minimum time consumption, independently replaceable rubber. 3. DESIGN gum elastic of wiper will be in different colors, flexible handle pipe attachment. 4. QUALITY LEVEL Use of juicy quality rubber and drying with in minimum time. 5. PACKAGING It will be in simple packing. 6. BRAND NAME WIPE WIPER 3-AUGMENTED LEVEL 1. Facility for replacement of rubber. 2. Warranty within 2 months Product Inputs Following are the main elements which are used to produced the WIPE WIPER. These are 1. WIPER Rubber 2. brace Sheet 3. Pipe of 4 Feet 4. Ball Wall 5. Spray Paint 6. Rubber Nails . 1 Piece of Nozzle PROCESS OF PRODUCTION Bend steel sheet to capture wiper rubber and then drill the sheet to capture rubber after that prepare wiper pipe and place ball wall and nozzle on it and made supply of water into wiper rubber then fitting and last step is colouring. PACKAGING It will be in simple packing. LABELING There will only the name of the brand of the wip wiper in the labeling at the front of the product . PRICING FOR THE advanced PRODUCT The amount of money that a consumer has to pay to obtain the product. Two strategies are used for mise en scene prices for the New product. ? PRICE PENETRATION PRICE SKIMMING Price Penetration Setting a low price for a new product in order to attract a large image of buyers and a large market share. Price Skimming Setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the h igh price the company makes fewer but more profitable sales. Pricing Strategy for our Product We select penetration pricing because there are enough competition in market. Our product is convenient product. It has sure features which are not available in the market such as water supply, detergent supply etc PLACEMENT OF THE WIP WIPPERWe will use indirect marketing channel in the Gujranwala in which product is supplied to the retailer and then to the final user because the targeted market is short and within the city and easily manageable. But when we finalize to launch the product outside the city means in an other city Lahore then we use indirect marketing channel (that will be vertical marketing channel) in which we will provide the product to the Distributor and then retailer and finally to the end user LOCAL MARKET outside CITY MARKET Cost Estimation We are going to produced grand wholes of wipe wiper. Fixed cost estimation for this purpose is as followFIXED COST Plant cost 2 00000 Estimated life of whole kit and caboodle is 10 year so 200000/10=20000 And 20000/12=1667 And1667/ kelvin so 1. 67 per unit nation cost 10000 per month so 10000/1000=10 so 10 is the per unit land cost. Advertisement Cost25*1000=25000 TOTAL COST Variable Cost per Unit = 323 Fixed Cost per Unit = 11. 67 = 334. 7 Advertising cost = 25 Total Cost = 359. 67 Product PriceRs. 425 TOTAL VARIABLE COST For this the estimated variable product cost is under Items Items name Cost of input signal Total cost No. Per unit 1. WIPER Rubber 50 50*1000=50000 2. Steel Sheet 30 30*1000=30000 6/8INCH of pipe 4 Feet 60 60*1000=60000 3. 4. Ball Wall 100 100*1000=100000 5. Rubber Nails 5 5*1000=5000 6. Nozzle 10 10*1000=10000 7. colour 20 20*1000=20000 8 Wielding exp. 30 30*1000=30000 9. Labor cost 10 10*1000=10000 10. electrical energy 3 3*1000=3000 11. gass 5 5*1000=5000 Total Cost 323 323000 Requirement for adult male force Labor 4 skilled people are required for ope rating Plant and for dispersal and sale, we are available. Requirement of Running Capital For proper running of Business there is approximately 500000 rupees are required. Gujranwala Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER retail merchant Distributer CUSTOMER RETAILER CUSTOMER